During the late 2000s, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet,
Some scientific publications, primarily those published by Elsevier, started including graphical abstracts alongside the text abstracts.
The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary
As the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance.
The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the scientific community.
Moreover, some journals also include video abstracts and animated abstracts made by the authors to easily explain their papers.
Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts,
The hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline
Papers that are of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication.
However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and a recent study statistically
Comparing publications with or without graphical abstracts with regard to several output parameters reflecting visibility failed
Demonstrate an effectiveness of graphical abstracts for attracting attention to scientific publications.
Background
Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them.
This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers.
It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels.
A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated inmechanisms causing the separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities.
Results
Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized dolphin-like slender bodies.
These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli suction
which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf Second is the displacement effect,
In which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass.
Thus, the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas.
Utilizing these effects, the neonate can gain up to 90% of the thrust
Needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2.4 m/s.
A comparison with observations of eastern spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris)
Is presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep up with their mothers.
Conclusions
A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of free-swimming dolphin schools,
indicates that hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play
An important role in enabling dolphin calves to keep up with rapidly moving adult school members.
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